The primary goal of carotid surgery is to prevent the risk of ischemic neurological events. This procedure has seen an incredible surge in popularity following the establishment of a consensus on the indications for carotid endarterectomy based on clinical symptoms and the degree of carotid stenosis. Nevertheless, the type of anesthesia used for this procedure remains controversial and depends on the practices and preferences of each surgical team. In this book, we aim to examine the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological events associated with carotid surgery, as well as the various methods of neurological monitoring that enable early detection of such complications, to detail the advantages and disadvantages of anesthetic techniques, and to compare regional anesthesia with general anesthesia in terms of neurological and cardiac morbidity, based on the results of large clinical studies published on this subject.