Citizenship, as effective social, cultural and economic participation for refugee groups, depends on appropriate institutional structures and processes in resettlement societies. This book using critical social theoretical perspectives addresses the paradox of being legally a citizen in New Zealand, but substantively excluded from the very rights that constitute such citizenship. The issues to be considered in addressing social exclusion and promoting integration-include responses from central government and from public institutions particularly health, education, employment and welfare. The questions of refugee integration to be addressed conceptually must take into consideration cultural and religious diversity, on the one hand, and socio-economic inequality on the other.